Invention of Paper Clip

WHO INVENTED PAPER CLIP

When  Johann  Vaaler  patented  his in  1901,  there already  were  similar  designs on  the books.  William Middlebrook  of Waterbury, Connecticut patented his design in 1899. Cornelius  Brosnan  of  Springfield, Massachusetts patented his Konaclip in 1900.

So, who was first to invent the paper clip?

Well,  it  is  thought  to  be  Johann  Vaaler.  Drawings  of  his design  date  to  early  1899, but  since Norway  had  no patent  law  at  the  time  he  had  to  seek  patent  rights  in Germany and the US in the following years.

Johann  Vaaler  was  born  on  15  March  1866  in  Aurskog, Norway.  Known  as  an innovator  in  his youth,  he graduated in electronics, science  and mathematics. He was employed by the owner of an invention office when he invented the paper clip in 1899.

Several designs followed the original. Only a few remain, such  as  the  Ideal,  Non-Skid,  Owl and  Gem. The  first double-oval  clip,  the  Gem, w as  launched  in  early-1900 by  Gem Manufacturing  Ltd  of England.  The  paper  clip remains as one of the most-used items of all time.

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The dead Sea

The Dead Sea

The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. It’s a hypersaline lake that is truly one of Earth’s unique places. Below you will find ten interesting facts along with a gallery of picture of this fascinating place.

World’s lowest point marker

The surface and shores of the Dead Sea are 423 metres (1,388 ft) below sea level, making it Earth’s lowest elevation on land.

Deepest hypersaline lake in the world

The Dead Sea is 377 m (1,237 ft) deep, making it the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. A hypersaline lake is a landlocked body of water that contains significant concentrations of sodium chloride or other mineral salts, with saline levels surpassing that of ocean water.

World's Saltiest Bodies of Water

With 33.7% salinity, the Dead Sea is one of the world’s saltiest bodies of water. Although Lake Assal (Djibouti), Garabogazköl and some hypersaline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond) have reported higher salinities.

People floats to reading a news paper in the Dead Sea

The Dead Sea’s unusually high salt concentration means that people can easily float in the Dead Sea due to natural buoyancy. In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States.

Dead Sea Halite Shore

The Dead Sea is roughly 8.6 times saltier than the ocean. This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which animals cannot flourish (hence its name). The high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms such as fish and aquatic plants from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.

Dead Sea Reflection

The Dead Sea is 67 kilometres (42 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide at its widest point. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley and its main tributary is the Jordan River.

Satellite view of Dead Sea from Space

The Dead Sea area has become a major center for health research and treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the water, the very low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each have specific health effects.

The Salty Dead Sea 

Biblically, the Dead Sea was a place of refuge for King David. It was one of the world’s first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from balms for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilizers.

Reflection of Dead Sea 

An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance. Asphalt coated figurines and bitumen coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found. Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region. The world’s lowest road, Highway 90, runs along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea at 393 m (1,289 ft) below sea level.

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